Introduction / Keith A. Smith -- Microbial terrestrial pathways to nitrous oxide / Elizabeth M. Baggs and Laurent Philippot -- Marine pathways to nitrous oxide / Hermann W. Bang. [et al.] -- The global nitrous oxide budget: a reassessment / Keith A. Smith. [et al.] -- Nitrous oxide emissions from the nitrogen cycle in arable agriculture : estimation and mitigation / A.F. (Lex) Bouwman, Elke Stehfest and Chris van Kessel -- Nitrous oxide emissions from the nitrogen cycle in livestock agriculture : estimation and mitigation / Cecile A.M. de Klein, Richard J. Eckard and Tony J. van der Weerden -- Nitrous oxide emissions from land-use and land-management change / Franz Conen and Albrecht Neftel -- Indirect emissions of nitrous oxide from nitrogen deposition and leaching of agricultural nitrogen / Reinhard Well and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl -- Abiotic nitrous oxide sources : chemical industry and mobile and stationary combustion systems / Peter Wiesen -- Conclusions and future outlook / Keith A. Smith.
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"Nitrous oxide, N2O, is the third most important (in global warming terms) of the greenhouse gases, after carbon dioxide and methane. As this book describes, although it only comprises 320 parts per billion of the earth's atmosphere, it has a so-called Global Warming Potential nearly 300 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. N2O emissions are difficult to estimate, because they are predominantly biogenic in origin. The N2O is formed in soils and oceans throughout the world, by the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification, that utilise the reactive N compounds ammonium and nitrate, respectively. These forms of nitrogen are released during the natural biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, but are also released by human activity. In fact, the quantity of these compounds entering the biosphere has virtually doubled since the beginning of the industrial age, and this increase has been matched by a corresponding increase in N2O emissions. The largest source is now agriculture, driven mainly by the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. The other major diffuse source derives from release of NOx into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, as well as ammonia from livestock manure. Some N2O also comes directly from combustion, and from two processes in the chemical industry: the production of nitric acid, and the production of adipic acid, used in nylon manufacture. Action is being taken to curb the industrial point-source emissions of N2O, but measures to limit or reduce agricultural emissions are inherently more difficult to devise. As we enter an era in which measures are being explored to reduce fossil fuel use and/or capture or sequester the CO2 emissions from the fuel, it is likely that the relative importance of N2O in the 'Kyoto basket' of greenhouse gases will increase, because comparable mitigation measures for N2O are inherently more difficult, and because expansion of the land area devoted to crops, to feed the increasing global population and to accommodate the current development of biofuels, is likely to lead to an increase in N fertiliser use, and thus N2O emission, worldwide. The aim of this book is to provide a synthesis of scientific information on the primary sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and an assessment of likely trends in atmospheric concentrations over the next century and the potential for mitigation measures"--Publisher's description.
Since its appellation, much work has sought to consolidate neoclassical realism. Specifically, a number of variations on the neoclassical theme have reconceptualised the third-image and carved out a distinctly European neoclassical variant. This article contributes by recollecting the Structural Realism of Logic of Anarchy. In unpacking Structural Realism's framework and dissecting its engagement with inter alia Kenneth Waltz, this article illustrates the importance of Logic's conceptualisation of the system, particularly in terms of anarchy's logic. This framework can enrich a number of debates within the neoclassical realist community, especially concerning third-image change and the possibility of a neoclassical realism in and of Europe, while also contributing to debates regarding the strategic actor-ness of the European Union. While Logic and its framework might appear dated, the article submits that one of its principal motifs, anarchy, along with realism's normative ethos may remind us of International Relation's (IR's) healthy pluralism.
E. H. Carr was one of Europe's pre-eminent thinkers in the field of international affairs. Yet his contribution to International Relations theory is continually questioned. Realists depict Carr as a quintessential realist; revisionists draw from his wider corpus to qualify his contribution. Although not inaccurate, the revisionist literature is incomplete as it neglects a number of Carr's diplomatic histories. Refocusing on these, especially the manner in which traces of Ranke's 'the primacy of foreign affairs' tradition is evident, this article points to a more conservative and less critical Carr. Utilising an interpretivist framework, this shift in traditions of thought is explained by the dilemmas Carr faced. Although works of history rather than theory, the article contends that Carr's diplomatic histories remain relevant, particularly with regard to the embedded criticism of realpolitik they contain. This realisation is made evident through a reading of Carr in parallel with the concept of tragedy.
In: Keith , S 2017 , ' The realism that did not speak its name : E. H. Carr's diplomatic histories of the twenty years' crisis ' , Review of International Studies , vol. 43 , no. 3 , pp. 475-493 . https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210517000055
E. H. Carr was one of Europe's pre-eminent thinkers in the field of international affairs. Yet his contribution to International Relations theory is continually questioned. Realists depict Carr as a quintessential realist; revisionists draw from his wider corpus to qualify his contribution. Although not inaccurate, the revisionist literature is incomplete as it neglects a number of Carr's diplomatic histories. Refocusing on these, especially the manner in which traces of Ranke's 'the primacy of foreign affairs' tradition is evident, this article points to a more conservative and less critical Carr. Utilising an interpretivist framework, this shift in traditions of thought is explained by the dilemmas Carr faced. Although works of history rather than theory, the article contends that Carr's diplomatic histories remain relevant, particularly with regard to the embedded criticism of realpolitik they contain. This realisation is made evident through a reading of Carr in parallel with the concept of tragedy.
AbstractWith the 2012 presidential elections approaching, student interest in (and frustration with) the US two-party system is likely to grow. Although many explanations exist for this phenomenon, their number and complexity often overwhelm students. This article describes an iterative game, designed for a single class session, that illustrates one of the major institutional explanations for the US two-party system—Duverger's Law. The game can also spur discussion of some of the major criticisms of the Law.
